Load Frequency Control Using Golden Eagle Optimization for Multi-Area Power System Connected Through AC/HVDC Transmission and Supported With Hybrid Energy Storage Devices

The reliability of a power system depends on its ability to handle fluctuations and varying load demands, as uncontrolled frequency deviations can lead load-shedding blackouts. Optimally tuned controllers are essential for Load Frequency Control (LFC) applications efficiently stabilize the by minimizing undershoots, overshoots, settling time. This paper proposed application novel Golden Eagle Optimization (GEO) algorithm optimal tuning LFC controller, which has not been previously employed in any applications. Moreover, this presents first-ever implementation hybrid energy storage consisting Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (VRFB) Super Magnetic Energy Storage System (SMES) coupled with AC/HVDC transmission lines multi-area system. A GEO optimized Proportional-Integrative-Derivative (GEO-PID) robust controller is designed Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE) objective function enhance system’s stability. tested two four areas systems considering sensitivity nonlinearity systems. robustness test also performed verify stability under randomly chosen loading conditions. In comparison particle swarm optimization, dragonfly algorithm, sine cosine ant lion whale optimization GEO-PID significantly reduced time up 80% different area’s frequencies. Simulation results indicate that outperforms other recent algorithms effectively dampening tie-line less times, well undershoots overshoots.